![]() In terms of machine learning, it is concerned with the improvement of existing machine learning algorithms for predicting structured outputs, more specifically for multi-target prediction. The proposed dissertation belongs primarily to the field of machine learning on the one hand, but also to the field of soil science on the other hand. In this study, human pressure directly affected habitat structure, with indirect consequences for fish fauna, increasing the potential for local extirpation of rare species. Although human pressure did not affect species richness, Shannon diversity, and Simpson dominance, there were significant effects on numerical abundance and fish species equitability. Degradation-resistant fishes, mostly non-native species, were associated with streams with higher human disturbance and urban land use. Native and degradation-sensitive fish species, especially endemic ones, were associated with streams with higher habitat diversity and forested cover. Fish com-positional turnover was associated with increased human disturbance. ![]() ![]() ![]() Streams with increased human disturbance had lower habitat diversity, higher primary productivity, and high non-native species abundance. We evaluated the human pressure intensity using the Integrated Disturbance Index and the Rapid Habitat Diversity Assessment protocol, which combines information about land use, land cover and environmental characteristics of the stream catchment and sampling sites. We also hypothesized that increased human pressure triggers changes in primary productivity and fish fauna composition and structure. We hypothesized that the increased human pressure (urbanization and agriculture) on stream environments, both at the local and catchment scales, directly decreases habitat diversity. We assessed the effects of human pressure on habitat diversity and primary productivity to understand the consequences on fish fauna in 25 tropical and subtropical streams of two globally important ecoregions: Iguassu and Upper Paraná. Human pressures have been intensely modifying freshwater ecosystems worldwide.
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